Airflow decreases or stops intermittently during sleep in patients with sleep apnea. There are two types of sleep apnea. In obstructive sleep apnea, airflow into lungs diminishes or stops intermittently during sleep due to the relaxation of muscles controlling the upper airway. In central sleep apnea, airflow diminishes or stops during sleep due to an abnormality in respiratory control from the brain.

Restless sleep, morning headaches, snoring, witnessed apnea by the bed partner, frequently waking up at night from gasping or choking, day time fatigue, dry mouth, frequent urination at night, memory loss, poor concentration, and insomnia.

Untreated sleep apnea can lead to numerous medical problems including heart attack, abnormal heart rhythm, uncontrolled hypertension, stroke, memory loss, and daytime fatigue. Untreated sleep apnea can also increase the risk of motor vehicle accidents from daytime sleepiness.

Treatment for sleep apnea improves quality of life by restoring healthy sleep, increasing energy levels, improving daytime alertness and concentration, as well as reducing feelings of depression. Treatment also improves blood glucose control, blood pressure control, and reduces the risk of heart attacks and strokes.

CPAP (Continuous Positive Airway Pressure) and BIPAP (Bilevel Positive Airway Pressure) are the most effective treatment options for sleep apnea. Alternative options include oral appliances, mandibular advancement devices, weight loss, and upper airway surgeries such as uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP), maxillomandibular advancement (MMA), and hypoglossal nerve stimulator placement.